Emeritus Professor Graham Schaffer
Emeritus Professor
School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering
Book Chapters
Huo, S. H., Qian, M, Schaffer, G. B. and Crossin, E. (2011). Aluminium powder metallurgy. Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy: Production, processing and applications. (pp. 655-701) edited by Roger Lumley. Oxford, U.K.: Woodhead. doi: 10.1533/9780857090256.3.655
Qian, M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Sintering of aluminium and its alloys. Sintering of Advanced Materials. (pp. 289-323) Elsevier Inc..
Qian, M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Sintering of titanium and its alloys. Sintering of Advanced Materials: Fundamentals and Processes. (pp. 324-355) edited by Zhigang Zak Fang. Great Abington, Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead Publishing.
Qian, M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Sintering of aluminium and its alloys. Sintering of Advanced Materials: Fundamentals and Processes. (pp. 291-323) edited by Zhigang Zak Fang. Great Abington, Cambridge, U.K.: Woodhead Publishing. doi: 10.1533/9781845699949.3.291
Qian, Ma, Bettles, C. and Schaffer, G. B. (2009). Sintering of titanium. Sintering of Advanced Materials. (pp. nf-nf) edited by Z. Z. Fang. Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.: Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Journal Articles
Li, X. P., Wang, J. Q., Yan. M., Ji, G., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2014). Formation of anomalously large Al single crystals at triple points during pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) of Al86Ni6Y 4.5Co2La1.5 metallic glass. Materials Letters, 132, 196-199. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.077
Luo, S. D., Yang, Y. F., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2014). Warm die compaction and sintering of titanium and titanium alloy powders. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 214 (3), 660-666. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.10.010
Yuan, X. N., Huo, S. H., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2014). Distortion in a 7xxx aluminum alloy during liquid phase sintering. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 45 (2), 1010-1018. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-2009-z
Yuan, X. N., Aminossadati, S. M., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2014). CFD modelling of nitrogen gas flow pattern during sintering of Al–7Zn–2.5Mg–1Cu alloy and its effect on distortion. Powder Metallurgy, 58 (2), 1-11. doi: 10.1179/1743290114Y.0000000103
Yang, Y. F., Yan, M., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Modification of the alpha-Ti laths to near equiaxed alpha-Ti grains in as-sintered titanium and titanium alloys by a small addition of boron. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 579, 553-557. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.07.097
Balog M., Krizik P., Yan M., Simancik F., Schaffer G.B. and Qian M. (2013). SAP-like ultrafine-grained Al composites dispersion strengthened with nanometric AlN. Materials Science and Engineering A, 588, 181-187. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.09.027
Xia, Y., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). The effect of a small addition of nickel on the sintering, sintered microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.2C-0.2B alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 578, 195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.05.104
Li, X. P., Yan, M., Imai, H., Kondoh, K., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). The critical role of heating rate in enabling the removal of surface oxide films during spark plasma sintering of Al-based bulk metallic glass powder. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 375, 95-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.05.001
Yan, M., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Impurity (Fe, Cl, and P)-induced grain boundary and secondary phases in commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44A (8), 3961-3969. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-1720-0
Li, X. P., Yan, M., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Abnormal crystallization in Al86Ni6Y4.5Co2La1.5 metallic glass induced by spark plasma sintering. Intermetallics, 39, 69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2013.03.013
Xia, Y., Yu, R., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Cobalt-doped Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy fabricated by cold compaction and pressureless sintering. Materials Science and Engineering A, 574, 176-185. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.03.023
Luo, S. D., Yang, Y. F., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Novel fabrication of titanium by pure microwave radiation of titanium hydride powder. Scripta Materialia, 69 (1), 69-72. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.03.005
Luo, S. D., Li, Q., Tian, J., Wang, C., Yan, M., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Self-assembled, aligned TiC nanoplatelet-reinforced titanium composites with outstanding compressive properties. Scripta Materialia, 69 (1), 29-32. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.03.017
Yang, Y. F., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Impurity scavenging, microstructural refinement and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy titanium and titanium alloys by a small addition of cerium silicide. Materials Science and Engineering A, 573, 166-174. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.042
Luo, S. D., Yang, Y. F., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). The effect of a small addition of boron on the sintering densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy Ti-7Ni alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 555, 339-346. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.12.068
Luo, S. D., Guan, C. L., Yang, Y. F., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Microwave heating, isothermal sintering, and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy titanium and titanium alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 44A (4), 1842-1851. doi: 10.1007/s11661-012-1529-2
Li, X. P., Yan, M., Imai, H., Kondoh, K., Wang, J. Q., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Fabrication of 10 mm diameter fully dense Al86Ni6Y4.5Co2La1.5 bulk metallic glass with high fracture strength. Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 568, 155-159. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.041
Luo, S. D., Yang, Y. F., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). Calibration of temperature measurement by infrared pyrometry in microwave heating of powder materials: an exothermic reaction based approach. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 47 (1), 5-11. doi: 10.1080/08327823.2013.11689842
Xia, Y., Luo, S. D., Wu, X., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). The sintering densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of gamma Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy with a small addition of copper. Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 559, 293-300. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.08.100
Yan, M., Liu, Y., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2013). In situ synchrotron radiation to understand the pathways for the scavenging of oxygen in commercially pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V by yttrium hydride. Scripta Materialia, 68 (1), 63-66. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.09.024
Low, R. J., Qian, M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2012). Sintering of titanium with yttrium oxide additions for the scavenging of chlorine impurities. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 43A (13), 5271-5278. doi: 10.1007/s11661-012-1328-9
Yang, Y. F., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). The sintering, sintered microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-Fe-Si Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 43 (12), 4896-4906. doi: 10.1007/s11661-012-1272-8
Yuan, X. N., Aminossadati, S. M., Huo, S. H., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). The effects of sample position and gas flow pattern on the sintering of a 7xxx aluminum alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 43 (11), 4345-4355. doi: 10.1007/s11661-012-1227-0
Li, X. P., Yan, M., Wang, J. Q., Lu, M. Y., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). The effect of the gas atmosphere on the response of the Al86Ni6Y4.5Co2La1.5 metallic glass powder to heating. Intermetallics, 30, 117-121. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2012.03.019
Yan, M., Liu, Y., Liu, Y. B., Kong, C., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). Simultaneous gettering of oxygen and chlorine and homogenization of the β phase by rare earth hydride additions to a powder metallurgy Ti–2.25Mo–1.5Fe alloy. Scripta Materialia, 67 (5), 491-494. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.06.009
Yu, Peng, Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, Ma (2012). A correlation between failure angle and constituent for Al-AlN composites under uniaxial tensile conditions. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 43 (9), 3293-3299. doi: 10.1007/s11661-012-1125-5
Yan, M., Wang, J. Q., Kong, C., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). Micrometer-sized quasicrystals in the Al 85Ni 5Y 6Co 2Fe 2 metallic glass: a TEM study and a brief discussion on the formability of quasicrystals in bulk and marginal glass-forming alloys. Journal of Materials Research, 27 (16), 2131-2139. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2012.140
Li, X. P., Yan, M., Wang, J. Q., Huang, H., Kong, C., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of Al86Ni6Y4.5Co2La1.5 metallic glass powder. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 530, 127-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.03.083
Yan, M., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). TEM and XRD characterisation of commercially pure alpha-Ti made by powder metallurgy and casting. Materials Letters, 72, 64-67. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.12.072
Li, X. P., Yan, M., Yang, B. J., Wang, J. Q., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). Crystallization behaviour and thermal stability of two aluminium-based metallic glass powder materials. Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 530 (1), 432-439. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.09.107
Yan, M, Kohara, S., Wang, J. Q., Nogita, K., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). The influence of topological structure on bulk glass formation in Al-based metallic glasses. Scripta Materialia, 65 (9), 755-758. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.07.009
Yang, Y. F., Luo, S. D., Bettles, C. J., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). The effect of Si additions on the sintering and sintered microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-3Ni alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties Microstructure and Processing, 528 (24), 7381-7387. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.029
Yang, Y. F., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). Sintering of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and mechanical properties. Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials, 528 (22-23), 6719-6726. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.05.041
Luo, S. D., Yan, M., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). Sintering of titanium in vacuum by microwave radiation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 42 (8), 2466-2474. doi: 10.1007/s11661-011-0645-8
Roberts, A. P., Grayson, G., Challis, V. J., Zhang, L. C., Grotowski, J. F., Schaffer, G. B. and Sercombe, T. B. (2011). Elastic moduli of sintered powders with application to components fabricated using selective laser melting. Acta Materialia, 59 (13), 5257-5265. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.05.002
Robertson, I. M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2011). On sintering of Ti-Ni (-TiB2) alloys to near full density. Powder Metallurgy, 54 (3), 412-419. doi: 10.1179/003258910X12740974839422
Yu, Peng, Balog, M., Yan, M., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). In situ fabrication and mechanical properties of Al-AlN composite by hot extrusion of partially nitrided AA6061 powder. Journal of Materials Research, 26 (14), 1719-1725. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2011.143
Yu, Peng, Yan, M., Schaffer, G.B. and Qian, Ma (2011). Fabrication of porous aluminum with controllable open-pore fraction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 42 (7) 2040, 2040-2047. doi: 10.1007/s11661-011-0675-2
Yan, M., Wang, J. Q., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2011). Solidification of nitrogen-atomized Al(86)Ni(6)Y(4.5)Co(2)La(1.5) metallic glass. Journal of Materials Research, 26 (7), 944-950. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2011.13
Kent, D., Drennan, J. and Schaffer, G.B. (2011). A morphological study of nitride formed on Al at low temperature in the presence of Mg. Acta Materialia, 59 (6), 2469-2480. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.050
Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). The sintering of an Fe-Cr-Ni-B-C powder. Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructures and Processing, 528 (2), 751-755. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.066
Robertson, I. M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Refinement of master densification curves for sintering of titanium. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 41 (11), 2949-2958. doi: 10.1007/s11661-010-0290-7
Yan, M, Yu, P, Schaffer, GB and Qian, M (2010). Secondary phases and interfaces in a nitrogen-atmosphere sintered Al alloy: Transmission electron microscopy evidence for the formation of AlN during liquid phase sintering. Acta Materialia, 58 (17), 5667-5674. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.06.041
Yu, Peng, Yan, M., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, Ma (2010). Pressureless infiltration and resulting mechanical properties of Al-AlN preforms fabricated by selective laser sintering and partial nitridation. Metallurgical And Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy And Materials Science, 41 (9), 2417-2424. doi: 10.1007/s11661-010-0269-4
Robertson, I. M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Review of densification of titanium based powder systems in press and sinter processing. Powder Metallurgy, 53 (2), 146-162. doi: 10.1179/174329009X434293
Kent, D., Qian, M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Formation of aluminium nitride during sintering of powder injection moulded aluminium. Powder Metallurgy, 53 (2), 118-124. doi: 10.1179/003258909X12523294330154
Yu, Peng, Qian, Ma, Li, Ling and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). On the infiltration mode during fabrication of aluminium composite. Acta Materialia, 58 (10), 3790-3797. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.03.022
Robertson, I. M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Swelling during sintering of titanium alloys based on titanium hydride powder. Powder Metallurgy, 53 (1), 27-33. doi: 10.1179/003258909X12502872942534
Robertson, I. M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2010). Comparison of sintering of titanium and titanium hydride powders. Powder Metallurgy, 53 (1), 12-19. doi: 10.1179/003258909X12450768327063
Yan, M., Yu, P., Kim, K. B., Lee, J. K., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2010). The surface structure of gas-atomized metallic glass powders. Scripta Materialia, 62 (5), 266-269. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.11.013
Robertson, I. M. and Schaffer, G. B. (2009). Effect of residual pressure on vacuum sintering of Ti-Ni alloys. Powder Metallurgy, 52 (4), 316-321. doi: 10.1179/003258909X12450768327108
Robertson, I.M. and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Design of titanium alloy for efficient sintering to low porosity. POWDER METALLURGY, 52 (4), 311-315. doi: 10.1179/003258909X12502872942499
Liu, Z.Y., Kent, D. and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Powder Injection Molding of Al-(Steel and Magnet) Hybrid Components. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, 40A (12), 2785-2788. doi: 10.1007/s11661-009-0012-1
Robertson, I.M. and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Suitability of nickel as alloying element in titanium sintered in solid state. POWDER METALLURGY, 52 (3), 225-232. doi: 10.1179/003258908X336391
Robertson, I.M. and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Swelling during liquid phase sintering of Ti-Ni alloys. POWDER METALLURGY, 52 (3), 213-224. doi: 10.1179/174329009X380590
Robertson, I.M. and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Some effects of particle size on the sintering of titanium and a master sintering curve model. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, 40A (8), 1968-1979. doi: 10.1007/s11661-009-9894-1
Liu, Z.Y., Kent, D. and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Powder injection moulding of an Al-AlN metal matrix composite. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING, 513-14 (C), 352-356. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.02.001
Yu, Peng and Schaffer, G. B. (2009). Microstructural evolution during pressureless infiltration of aluminium alloy parts fabricated by selective laser sintering. Acta Materialia, 57 (1), 163-170. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.08.065
Schaffer, G.B., Yao, J.Y., Bonner, S. J., Crossin, E., Pas, S. J and Hill, A. J. (2008). The effect of tin and nitrogen on liquid phase sintering of Al-Cu-Mg-Si alloys. Acta Materialia, 56 (11), 2615-2624. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.01.047
Liu, Z., Sercombe, T.B. and Schaffer, G.B. (2008). Metal injection moulding of aluminium alloy 6061 with tin. Powder Metallurgy, 51 (1), 78-83. doi: 10.1179/174329008X284859
Low, R., Robertson, I. and Schaffer, G.B. (2007). Excessive porosity after liquid-phase sintering of elemental titanium powder blends. Scripta Materialia, 56 (10), 895-898. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.01.040
Liu, Z., Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2007). The effect of particle shape on the sintering of aluminum. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 35A, 38A (6), 1351-1357. doi: 10.1007/s11661-007-9153-2
Crossin, E., Yao, J-Y. and Schaffer, G.B. (2007). Swelling during liquid phase sintering of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys. Powder Metallurgy, 50 (4), 354-358. doi: 10.1179/174329007X223947
Grayson, G. N., Schaffer, G. B. and Griffiths, J. R. (2007). Observations of oxide films on fatigue fracture surfaces of a sintered 2xxx series aluminium alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, 454, 99-103. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.012
Kent, D., Schaffer, G. B., Sercombe, T. B. and Drennan, J. (2006). A novel method for the production of aluminium nitride. Scripta Materialia, 54 (12), 2125-2129. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.02.047
Sutton, R. A., Schaffer, G B and Huo, S. (2006). Effect of particle size ratio and particle clustering on sintering and stiffness of aluminium matrix composite. Powder Metallurgy, 49 (4), 323-327. doi: 10.1179/174329006X113463
Lumley, RN and Schaffer, GB (2006). Precipitation induced densification in a sintered Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Scripta Materialia, 55 (3), 207-210. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.04.021
Sercombe, TB and Schaffer, GB (2006). On the role of tin in the nitridation of aluminium powder. Scripta Materialia, 55 (4), 323-326. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.04.045
Grayson, G. N., Schaffer, G. B. and Griffiths, J. (2006). Fatigue crack propagation in a sintered 2xxx series aluminium alloy. Materials Science And Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 434 (1-2), 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.07.017
Schaffer, G. B., Hall, B. J., Bonner, S. J., Huo, S. H. and Sercombe, T. B. (2006). The effect of the atmosphere and the role of pore filling on the sintering of aluminium. Acta Materialia, 54 (1), 131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.08.032
Kent, D., Schaffer, G. B. and Drennan, J. (2005). Age hardening of a sintered Al-Cu-Mg-Si-(Sn) alloy. Materials Science And Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 405 (1-2), 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.104
Liu, L. X., Schaffer, G. B. and Litster, J. D. (2005). Binder-treated segregation-free aluminum alloy powders. International Journal Of Powder Metallurgy, 41 (1), 42-49.
Schaffer, G. B. and Sercombe, T. B. (2005). Aluminium prototypes by selective laser sintering and infiltration - A review of progress to date. Materials Forum, 29, 93-97.
Thorpe, A. P., Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2005). Sintering of maraging steel with phosphorous additions. Powder Metallurgy, 48 (1), 47-50. doi: 10.1179/003258905X37666
Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2004). On the role of magnesium and nitrogen in the infiltration of aluminium by aluminium for rapid prototyping applications. Acta Materialia, 52 (10), 3019-3025. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.03.004
Sercombe, TB and Schaffer, GB (2004). On the role of tin in the infiltration of aluminium by aluminium for rapid prototyping applications. Scripta Materialia, 51 (9), 905-908. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.06.032
Atrens, A., Truss, R. W., Dahle, A., Schaffer, G. B., St John, D. H., Caceres, C. and Gates, J. D. (2004). Graduate attributes in relation to curriculum design and delivery in a Bachelor of Materials Engineering Programme. International Journal of Engineering Education, 20 (5), 834-848.
Delgado, M L, Ruiz-Navas, E M, Torralba, J.M., Mcphee, W. and Schaffer, G. B. (2004). Influence of mechanical alloying and Sn and TiCN additions on the liquid phase sintering of a 2xxx series alloy. Materials Forum, 28, 782-786.
Schaffer, G. B. (2004). Powder processed aluminium alloys. Materials Forum, 28, 65-74.
Grayson, G. N., Schaffer, G. B. and Griffiths, J R (2004). On the fatigue of sintered aluminium alloys. Materials Forum, 28, 981-985.
Heron, A. J. and Schaffer, G. B. (2003). Mechanical alloying of MoSi2 with ternary alloying elements. Part 2 - computer simulation. Materials Science And Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 359 (1-2), 319-325. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00375-7
Hall, BJ, Schaffer, GB, Ning, Z, McPhee, WAG, Miller, DN, Drennan, J and Cumming, DJ (2003). Al/AlN layered composites by direct nitridation of aluminum. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 22 (22), 1627-1630. doi: 10.1023/A:1026305112696
Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2003). Rapid manufacturing of aluminum components. Science, 301 (5637), 1225-1227. doi: 10.1126/science.1086989
McPhee, WAG, Schaffer, GB and Drennan, J (2003). The effect of iron on liquid film migration and sintering of an Al-Cu-Mg alloy. Acta Materialia, 51 (13), 3701-3712. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00185-X
McPhee, WAG, McPhail, DS, Chater, RJ, Drennan, J and Schaffer, GB (2003). Transmission electron microscopy sample preparation technique for sintered alloys. Powder Metallurgy, 46 (3), 257-258. doi: 10.1179/003258903225005330
Heron, A. J. and Schaffer, G. B. (2003). Mechanical alloying of MoSi2 with ternary alloying elements. Part 1: Experimental. Materials Science And Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 352 (1-2), 105-111. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00864-X
Schaffer, G. B. and Hall, B. J. (2002). The influence of the atmosphere on the sintering of aluminum. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Physical metallurgy and materials science, 33 (10), 3279-3284. doi: 10.1007/s11661-002-0314-z
Sutton, RA and Schaffer, GB (2002). An atomistic simulation of solid state sintering using Monte Carlo methods. Materials Science And Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 335 (1-2), 253-259. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01939-6
Schaffer, G. B., Huo, S. H. and Lumley, R. N. (2002). Binder treatment and lubricant system for aluminium P/M. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, 38 (8), 35-42.
Schaffer, GB (2002). P/M in Australia. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, 38 (6), 31-34.
Hall, B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2002). Statistical experimental design of Al-Cu-Mg-Si P/M alloys. Journal of Light Metals, 2 (4), 229-238. doi: 10.1016/S1471-5317(03)00006-3
Rometsch, P. A. and Schaffer, G. B. (2002). An age hardening model for Al-7Si-Mg casting alloys. Materials Science And Engineering A: Structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 325 (1-2), 424-434. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01479-4
Dashwood, RJ and Schaffer, GB (2002). Powder forging of a sintered Al-3.8Cu-1Mg-0.8Si-O.1Sn alloy. Materials Science And Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing, 323 (1-2), 206-212. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01354-5
Schaffer, G. B., Huo, S. H., Drennan, J. and Auchterlonie, G. J. (2001). The effect of trace elements on the sintering of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Acta Materialia, 49 (14), 2671-2678. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00177-X
Rometsch, P. A., Schaffer, G. B. and Taylor, J. A. (2001). Mass balance characterisation of Al-7Si-Mg alloy microstructures as a function of solution treatment time. International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 14 (1), 59-69. doi: 10.1080/13640461.2001.11819426
Souvignier, CW, Sercombe, TB, Huo, SH, Calvert, P and Schaffer, GB (2001). Freeform fabrication of aluminum metal-matrix composites. Journal of Materials Research, 16 (9), 2613-2618. doi: 10.1557/JMR.2001.0359
Lumley, R. N. and Schaffer, G. B. (2001). The application of mechanical alloying to the production of sintered WC-Ni-Cr hardmetals. P/M Science & Technology Briefs, 3 (2), 9-12.
Schaffer, GB (2001). On the development of sintered aluminium alloys for industrial applications. Materials Technology, 16 (4), 245-249. doi: 10.1080/10667857.2001.11752950
Calos, NJ, Forrester, JS and Schaffer, GB (2001). The mechanisms of combustion and continuous reactions during mechanical alloying. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 158 (2), 268-278. doi: 10.1006/jssc.2001.9107
Schaffer, GB, Sercombe, TB and Lumley, RN (2001). Liquid phase sintering of aluminium alloys. Materials Chemistry And Physics, 67 (1-3), 85-91. doi: 10.1016/S0254-0584(00)00424-7
Schaffer, G. B. (2000). Net shape powder processing of aluminium. Materials Forum, 24, 109-124.
Schaffer, GB and Huo, SH (2000). Distortion in a sintered 7000 series aluminium alloy. Powder Metallurgy, 43 (2), 163-167. doi: 10.1179/003258900665934
Rometsch, PA and Schaffer, GB (2000). Quench modelling of Al-7Si-Mg casting alloys. International Journal of Cast Melals Research, 12 (6), 431-439.
Taylor, J. A., Schaffer, G. B. and St John, D. H. (1999). The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu based casting alloys - Part 3: A microstructural model. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 30 (6), 1657-1662. doi: 10.1007/s11661-999-0103-z
Taylor, J. A., Schaffer, G. B. and St John, D. H. (1999). The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu based casting alloys - Part 2: A phase diagam approach. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 30 (6), 1651-1655. doi: 10.1007/s11661-999-0102-0
Taylor, J. A., Schaffer, G. B. and St John, D. H. (1999). The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu based alloys - Part I: Initial experimental observations. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 30 (6), 1643-1650. doi: 10.1007/s11661-999-0101-1
Lumley, R. N., Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (1999). Surface oxide and the role of magnesium during the sintering of aluminum. Metallurgical And Materials Transactions A, 30 (2), 457-463. doi: 10.1007/s11661-999-0335-y
Schaffer, GB and Huo, SH (1999). On development of sintered 7xxx series aluminium alloys. Powder Metallurgy, 42 (3), 219-226. doi: 10.1179/003258999665558
Sercombe, T., Schaffer, G. B. and Calvert, P. (1999). Freeform fabrication of functional aluminium prototypes using powder metallurgy. Journal of Materials Science, 34 (17), 4245-4251. doi: 10.1023/A:1004602819393
Sercombe, T. and Schaffer, G. B. (1999). On the use of trace additions of Sn to enhance sintered 2xxx series Al powder alloys. Materials Science And Engineering A: Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 268 (1-2), 32-39. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00126-4
Sercombe, TB and Schaffer, GB (1999). The effect of trace elements on the sintering of Al-Cu alloys. Acta Materialia, 47 (2), 689-697. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00353-X
Lumley, R. N. and Schaffer, G. B. (1999). Anomalous pore morphologies in liquid-phase-sintered Al-Zn alloys. Metallurgical And Materials Transactions A-physical Metallurgy And Materials Science, 30 (6), 1682-1685. doi: 10.1007/s11661-999-0108-7
Lumley, RN and Schaffer, GB (1998). The effect of additive particle size on the mechanical properties of sintered aluminium-copper alloys. Scripta Materialia, 39 (8), 1089-1094. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(98)00278-4
Schaffer, GB and Forrester, JS (1997). The influence of collision energy and strain accumulation on the kinetics of mechanical alloying. Journal of Materials Science, 32 (12), 3157-3162. doi: 10.1023/A:1018646616814
Heron, AJ and Schaffer, GB (1997). The microstructure of mechanically alloyed MoSi2 with Ni and Al additions. Synthesis And Properties of Mechanically Alloyed And Nanocrystalline Materials, Pts 1 And 2 - Ismanam-96, 235-, 607-612.
Schaffer G.B. (1996). Powder metallurgy as a net shape processing technology. Materials Forum, 20, 131-143.
Forrester J.S. and Schaffer G.B. (1995). The chemical kinetics of mechanical alloying. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 26 (3) 725, 725-730. doi: 10.1007/BF02663921
Schaffer G.B. (1992). A nanocrystalline mixture of intermetallic compounds by mechanical alloying. Scripta Metallurgica et Materiala, 27 (1), 1-5. doi: 10.1016/0956-716X(92)90309-3
Conference Papers
Low, R.J., Qian, Ma and Schaffer, Graham B. (2012). Choloride impurities in titanium powder metallurgy-A review. 12th World Conference on Titanium (Ti-2011 ), Beijing, China, 19-24 June 2011. Beijing, China: Science Press.
Xia, Y., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). Sintering of gamma titanium aluminide (TiA1) alloys aided by small additions of copper. 12th World Conference on Titanium (Ti-2011 ), Beijing, China, 19-24 June 2011. Beijing, China: Science Press.
Yang, Y. F., Luo, S. D., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). The effect of isothermal sintering time on the sintered microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-3Ni-(3-4) Si alloys. 12th World Conference on Titanium (Ti-2011 ), Beijing, China, 19-24 June 2011. Beijing, China: Science Press.
Luo, Shudong, Yang, Ya Feng, Schaffer, Graham B. and Qian, Ma (2012). Characteristics of microwave sintering of titanium powder compacts. 12th World Conference on Titanium (Ti-2011 ), Beijing, China, 19-24 June 2011. Beijing, China: Science Press.
Xia, Y., Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, M. (2012). Enhanced sintering of pre-alloyed binary TiAl powder by a small addition of iron. 1st International Conference on Powder Processing, Consolidation and Metallurgy of Titanium, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4-7 December 2011. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.520.89
Schaffer, G. B., Xia, Y. and Qian, M. (2012). Sintering of gamma titanium aluniinide (tial) alloys aided by small additions of copper. 12th World Conference on Titanium, Ti 2011, Beijing, China, 19-24 June 2011. Beijing, China: Beijing Science Press.
Schaffer, G. B., Robertson, I. M., Low, R. J., Luo, S., Yang, Y.-F., Yang, M. and Qian, M. (2011). Sintering of titanium alloys for net-shape applications. 2011 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, PowderMet 2011, San Francisco, CA United States, 18-21 May, 2011. Princeton, NJ United States: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Yu, Peng, Bettles, Colleen, Schaffer, G. B. and Qian, Ma (2010). Al-AIN composites consolidated from partially nitride aluminum alloy powders by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Powder Metallurgy World Congress - World PM2010, Florence, Italy, 10-14 October 2010. Shrewsbury, United Kingdom: European Powder Metallurgy Association.
Luo, Shu Dong, Bettles, Colleen J., Yan, Ming, Schaffer, Graham B. and Qian, Ma (2010). Microwave sintering of titanium. Symposium on Cost Affordable Titanium III held at the 2010 TMS Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A., 14-18 February, 2010. Stafa-Zuerich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.436.141
Huo, Shu Hai, Bonner, Stephen, Qian, Ma and Schaffer, Graham B. (2010). The effect of hydrogen on the sintering of PM aluminium alloys. 2010 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, Ft Lauderdale, FL, United States, 27-30 June, 2010. Princeton, NJ, United States: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Yu, P., Schaffer, G.B. and Qian, M. (2010). New infiltration patterns during pressureless infiltration of partially nitrided aluminium performs. World PM2010 Conference, Florence, Italy, 10-14 October, 2010. European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA).
Yu, P., Schaffer, G.B. and Qian, M. (2010). Aluminium foam with controllable pore openness. 4th Australian JSF Advanced Technology and Innovation Conference, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3-4 May 2010. Australia:
Yan, Ming, Li, Xiaopeng, Yu, Peng, Schaffer, Graham B. and Qian, Ma (2010). Microstructural assessment of the oxidation behaviour of Cu-based metallic glass powder. , , . Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.654-656.1054
Liu, Z. Y., Kent, D. and Schaffer, G. B. (2009). Powder injection molding of Al-(Steel and Magnet) hybrid components. doi: 10.1007/s11661-009-0012-1
Kent, Damon, Schaffer, Graham B., Qian, Ma and Liu, Zhenyun (2009). Formation of aluminum nitride during sintering of aluminum. 2009 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, PowderMet 2009, Las Vegas, NV United States, 28 June - 1 July 2009. Princeton, NJ United States: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Low, Ray J., Robertson, Ian M., Qian, Ma, Schaffer, Graham B. and Muddle, B. C. (2009). Sintering of titanium powder compacts for containerless hot isostatic pressing. Light Metals Technology 2009, Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia, 1-3 July 2009. Uetikon, Zürich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.618-619.509
Kent, Damon, Schaffer, Graham, Qian, Ma and Liu, Zhenyun (2009). Formation of aluminium nitride during sintering of powder injection moulded aluminium. Light Metals Technology 2009, Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia, 1-3 July 2009. Uetikon, Zürich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.618-619.631
Yu, Peng, Qian, Ma and Schaffer, G.B. (2009). Rapid prototyping of aluminium alloy parts: The effect of infiltration atmosphere. Light Metals Technology 2009, Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia, 1-3 July 2009. Uetikon, Zürich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.618-619.635
Qian, Ma, Kondoh, K., Kent, D., Umeda, J., Yu, P. and Schaffer, G. B. (2009). The in-situ fabrication of Al-AlN composites from metal powders and their resistance to wear and cavitation. Light Metals Technology 2009, Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia, 1-3 July 2009. Uetikon, Zürich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.618-619.617
Yu, P., Qian, M., Schaffer, G.B., Brice, C. and Muddle, B.C. (2009). Electron beam processing of aluminium alloys. Light Metals Technology 2009, Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia, 1-3 July 2009. Uetikon, Zürich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.618-619.621
Bonner, S. J., Schaffer, G. B. and Yao, J-Y (2009). Pressure Assisted Sintering of an Aluminium Alloy. Light Metals Technology Conference 2009, Gold Coast, QLD Australia, 29 June - 1 July 2009. Pfaffikon, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.618-619.627
Crossin, E., Sercombe, T.B., Schaffer, G.B. and Yao, J.-Y. (2008). Thermal analysis and dilatometer studies of the liquid-phase sintering of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys. 2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, Washington, DC, USA, 8-12 June 2008. United States: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Liu, Z.Y., Sercombe, T.B. and Schaffer, G.B. (2008). Development of a high strength aluminium MIM alloy. 2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, Washington, DC, USA, 8-12 June 2008. Princeton, USA: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Grayson, G. N., Schaffer, G. B. and Griffiths, J. R. (2007). Fatigue of a Sintered 2xxx Series Alloy. 2007 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, Denver, Colorado, USA, 13-16 May 2007. United States: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Robertson, I., Low, R. and Schaffer, G.B. (2007). Economical sintering of titanium powder. 11th World Conference on Titanium, Kyoto, Japan, Kyoto International Conference Center, 3-7 June 2007. Sendai, Japan: The Japan Institute of Metals.
Kent, D., Schaffer, G. B. and Drennan, J. (2007). Novel aluminium nitride surface coatings formed on aluminium. 6th Pacific Rim International Conference on Advanced Materials and Processing, Cheju Island, Korea, 5th-9th November, 2007. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.561-565.571
Schaffer, G B, Crossin, E C, Bonner, S J, Yao, J and Sercombe, T. B. (2006). Dilatometry during sintering of aluminium alloy powder blends. Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials - 2006, San Diego, California, USA, 18-21 June 2006. USA: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Schaffer, G. B. and Yao, J. (2006). Observations on the influence of hydrogen on the sintering of an Al-2Mg Alloy. 2006 Powder Metallurgy World Congress, Busan, Korea, 24-28 September 2006. Korea: Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.
Schaffer, G. B. and Sercombe, T. B. (2005). Sintering of aluminium in various atmospheres. Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials - 2005, Montreal, Canada, 19-23 June 2005. USA: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Schaffer, G. B. and Huo, S. (2004). P/M Aluminium Matrix Composites. Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials 2004, Chicago, IL, USA, 13-17 June 2004. USA: Metal Powders Industry Federation.
Schaffer, G. B. and Sercombe, T. B. (2003). The Production of Aluminium SLS Prototypes Via Infiltration. International Conference on Advanced Research in Virtual and g, Portugal, October 2003. Portugal: Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gstao de Leiria.
Sercombe, T. B. and Schaffer, G. B. (2003). Selective laser sintering of aluminium. Advances in Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials - 2003, Nevada, USA, 8-12 June 2003. USA: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Schaffer, G. B. and Huo, S. (2003). The design of wear resistant Aluminium P/M alloys. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Powder Mes, Nevada, USA, 8-12 June 2003. USA: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Schaffer, G. B., Grayson, G. N., Huo, S. and Griffiths, J. R. (2003). On the fatigue of sintered aluminium alloys and aluminium composites. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Automotivs, Michigan, USA, 28-29 October, 2003. USA: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
Schaffer, G. B., Huo, S. and Sercombe, T. B. (2003). Powder processed aluminium alloys. Light Metals Technology Conference 2003, Brisbane, QLD Australia, 18-20 September 2003. Brisbane, QLD Australia: CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST).
Drennan, J., Miller, D. N., McPhail, D. and Schaffer, G. B. (2002). Focussed ion beam microscopy of selected sintered Al-Zn alloys. 17th Australian Conference on Electron Microscopy, Adelaide, South Australia, February 4-8, 2002.
Schaffer, G. B. and Hall, B. J. (2002). Sintering of aluminium in argon and nitrogen. 2002 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materis, Orlands, FA, USA, 16-21 June 2002. Princeton, NJ, USA: MPIF.
Huo, S. and Schaffer, G. B. (2000). On the development of sintered aluminium matrix composites. 2000 Interernational Conference on P/M Aluminium & Light Alloys for Automotive Applications, Troy, Michigan, 2-3 November, 2000. Princeton, NJ: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
McPhee, W. A. G., Drennan, J. and Schaffer, G. B. (2000). Microstructural analysis of a sintered Al-Cu-Mg alloy by Transmission Electron Microscopy. 15th Australian Conference on Electron Microscopy, Canberra, Australia, February 2000.
Taylor, J., St John, D. and Schaffer, G. (1995). Aluminium alloys and processing problems: Castability of alloys used for high integrity castings. 4th Australasian/Asian/Pacific Conference on Aluminium Cast House Technology - Theory and Practice, Sydney Australia, 3-6 July 1995.
Heron A.J. and Schaffer G.B. (1993). Nanocrystalline mixtures of intermetallic compounds. Proceedings of the 1993 International Conference & Exhibition on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, Nashville, TN, USA, May 16, 1993-May 19, 1993. Publ by Metal Powder Industries Federation.